Critique the Power of Organizations from Weberian free essay sample

Legitimate authority within a bureaucratic organization aims to remove the subjectivity and unpredictability of human action thus decisions are made and behaviours implemented in a calculable and measurable way. Persons in authority can manipulate persons’ to act in such a way by commands enshrined by power (Smith 1999). According to Weber’s theory prisons should run efficiently, officials following rules and supervised by officials in a higher office under the enforcement of legal authority. Goffman’s research on mental patients in ‘Asylums’ is at the forefront of understanding ‘total institutions’. His research gives us an insight into the world of the inmate, thus gaining an understanding of the ‘structure of the self’ and ‘mortification of the self’ in an institutional setting (1959 Goffman). Goffman identified that individuals ‘perform’ social roles, suggesting we are on stage moving from ‘back stage’ prepare and rehearsal to ‘front stage’, where we present a front and perform a role, using script, props, uniform and cues (1959 in Trevino). He suggests that we act; as if on stage, scripts emerge, props used, uniform and so on are all part of the performance (Goffman 1959, in Trevino). In 1971 Psychologist Philip Zimbardo undertook an experiment to illustrate that prisoners and guards fall into roles. Twenty four young healthy men were chosen and indiscriminately given roles as prisoner or guard. Prisoners suffered at the hands of the few sadistic guards as they imposed humiliating and degrading punishments. Some prisoners displayed emotional distress. The inhumane, unethical and undignified conditions was highlighted to Zimbardo by Christina Maslach a graduate student , the experiment was called off after 6 days as Zimbardo then realised it had gone too far (Zimbardo 2009). This paper attempts to elaborate on Weber and Goffman’s theories of power and authority within organizations paying particular attention to the Stanford Prison Experiment. An attempt will be made to critique and establish similarities and differences between their theories. Weber, Power and Authority Authority can equate to power, if it is abused the consequences to the governed can led to inhumane, mortifying and degrading situations (Weber, 1968). Weber also outlines how â€Å"impersonal authority† should be maintained within the scope of legal authority and persons’ in authority exercise control within legal bounds (Morrison 2006). Impersonal authority implies that authority is not imposed on a personal level. While these two theories can contradict themselves they are equally relevant in critiquing the Stanford Prison Experiment. This was shown by prison guard nick named ‘John Wayne’, in how he used his protected rank and authority to gain a position of social esteem using impersonal authority within the prison. It can be argued that this is a consequence of insufficient supervision from a higher official Superintendent Zimbardo or Warden Jaffe that led to abuse. However Weber’s theory on legal authority and administrative rationality dictates that depersonalization should not have occurred as the rational rules of the organization should have been followed. A rational bureaucratic system informs people of the rules and guidelines that will govern their behaviour (Morrison, 2006). In Stanford Prison the prisoners were informed of the rules by the Warden at admission. However within this ‘rational system’ Guard Landry adds his personal element (Zimbardo, 2009), therefore internalising rules and depersonalizes his role as guard, thus Weber’s theory on impersonal authority has diminished on the first day. The admission process into an institution is routinely followed by guidelines and procedures (Morrison, 2006) the guards give orders and the prisoners follow them, however the guards mocked the prisoners through this process thus, removes impersonal authority. Clearly Weber’s theory of a rational system incorporating impersonal authority is not sufficient to explain the events of Stanford Prison. Goffman, Power and Authority A correlation can be made between Goffman’s theory on ‘mortification of the self’ when entering some institutions, and the prisoners entering Stanford Prison. Goffman identifies; names and titles are lost, institutional uniforms replace personal clothing, personal space is lost or disregarded, personal information discussed inappropriately and constant humiliation (1959 in Smith). The men entering Stanford Prison were fingerprinted, photographed, assigned a number, stripped naked and de-loused, personal items removed and issued with prison clothing, while the men’s’ head were not shaved they had to wear a socking to illustrate shaved head (Zimbardo, 2009). This was the result of a deliberate policy from the Superintendent to remove any trace of individual identity (Zimbardo, 2009). Thus the power of the organization to remove the prisoner’s sense of self, when he identifies himself by number and not name. Rules were followed by the guards in the admission process as directed by the Superintendent, this correlates with Weber’s theory with senior officials giving orders and direction to lower ranking officials and the rules being followed by the governed (Morrison, 2006). The degrading and humiliating process the prisoners endured can be identified in Goffman’s theory. As a result prisoners are now falling into their roles as they were compliant in the process of admission. The prisoners accepted this behaviour as the norm as they did not question authority. Goffman further identifies that institutions have a methodical goal to transform the inmates they control (Smith, 1999). Transformation is achieved through officials wishing to attain order as appose to the ethos of the institution. Therefore the power of the organization over inmates on entering the institution is the first reduction of the self (Goffman, 1959). Persons’ in authority are represented in status by dress and manner. This demeanour is powerful as it demonstrates the authority or power of the person (Goffman 1959, in Branaman and Lemert). Goffman shows why his theory of ‘presentation of self in ever day life’ is relevant to the power of an organization (Goffman 1959, in Trevino). He describe his theory as a theatrical performance, we are all acting guided by settings, appearances and manners, furniture, decor and physical layout including props which guide a performance (Trevino, 2003). The prisoners found it difficult to remove themselves from their role as they were constantly on stage and always had reminders; uniforms, chain around their ankle, setting (cell) they were constantly reminded of their status this was the implication the authoritarians wanted to inflict on the prisoners. Zimbardo identified people are actors on stage but have to be aware of the situation, taking into account who are the cast, what are the costumes and external factors (2008, Zimabrdo). Due to no stage direction or in the case of Stanford Prison poor supervision from the ‘director’ that is Superintendent or the Warden, inaccuracies occurred in relation to abuse of power and authority over the prisoners. It can be identified the relevance of a link between Weber (1968) and Goffman (1959, in Branaman and Lemert) in relation to the recruitment of officials, both theorist give reason for officials to be recruited with a minimal qualification, training or skills. Without the minimum training officials may work outside an impersonal system, work without ethics or conscious thus abusing authority and exercising excessive power. In addition people with a minimum qualification may have a better insight into the needs of a person and work ethically and on an impersonal basis. Conclusion To conclude in a bureaucratic organization officials remove subjective personality and therefore become impersonal by working within rules and ethics. The guards started out with such definable goals and means however the guards internalised the rules by adding to their own role and therefore depersonalized the workplace. As a result this paper critiques Weber’s theory in that it can be argued that a hierarchal bureaucracy is helpful in explaining one goal of the prison, the subjugation and pacification of the prisoners. However Weber’s theory does not account for the manner in which the guards abandoned the very rules they were meant to uphold in achieving the aims of the organization, they allowed their own personalised subjective roles to play a part and act against the organization. The guards ruled in a depersonalized manner, furthermore no intervention when their authority was inhumane and degrading. Goffman’s (1959) theory in regards to total institutions identifies removing a sense of self resulting in institutions gaining control over a person. Goffman (1959) identifies why control and loss of autonomy are incorporated into institutional life, it allows for little flexibility for activities, any activities are imposed by officials with depersonalized rules. These activities are designed to suit the rational plan of the official and not the person, thus an oppressive organization. Parallels can be drawn between Stanford Prison Experiment and Abu Ghraib in 2004. In Abu Ghraib the prisoners were subjected to inhumane, degrading and physical abuse at the hands of the officials. The character we perform and our innate self are described as equate, and can be seen as something housed within (Goffman 1959, in Branaman and Lemert). This implies we are all capable of hurting others, or can we act in opposites and fall into a heroic role.

What You Dont Know About Argument Essay Topics Ideas

What You Don't Know About Argument Essay Topics Ideas Make certain that it's significant and extremely pertinent to the argument. If you just end up discussing two big questions or assumptions from the argument, it's perfectly fine to wind up with two body paragraphs, but you ought to bear in mind that in the event that you have time, there may be a third avenue of the argument that's well worth exploring. Clarify how you are going to address your topic, identify sub-arguments you have to prove to create your large argument true. When you are requested to select a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. Even though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it shouldn't be regarded as an afterthought. Arguments are normally not well-supported or can be readily refuted, therefore, your very first sentence can produce the point that the argument isn't well-reasoned, as it leaves out factors that would want to get considered. Most conclusions are just a paragraph in length as the conclusion is predicted to be an overview of the whole essay. Your second sentence should supply a one-sentence overview of the argument. What You Must Know About Argument Essay Topics Ideas That means you should start out with a compelling introduction to receive your reader interested in the subject. Your thesis needs to be relevant so the write-up can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. When you begin to compose your essay to have a standardized test, you first must make a decision as to what kind of essay you're being requested to compose. When you start to compose your essay for a standardized test, you have to first decide what sort of essay you are being requested to write. If you are fighting with attempting to fully grasp how to compose an argumentative essay that will impress and find a great grade, you first must comprehend what it is. 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When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Understanding how to argue effectively is a valuable skill, even if you aren't at a family reunion or going to get a speeding ticket. Write a paragraph to think about the importance of the question like answering it might help make sense or illustrate course themes. Choosing Argument Essay Topics Ideas Is Simple As the last paragraph is represents your very last opportunity to produce your case and, being such, should adhere to an extremely rigid format. Attempt to select the best devices to strengthen your argument that you're able to. Both test your capacity to compose a cogent thesis statement that you need to defend over the class of many paragraphs. Tie every claim you make to a bit of evidence to make sure the very best essay possible. Our experts enable you to compre hend what is needed when you're choosing proposal essay topics. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. If you are a newcomer to writing argumentative essays, there are a range of vital facets that you're in a position to learn that might help you compose a far better argumentative essay. Locating good essay topics you could discuss effectively and create powerful argumentative essays is a difficult work. Specific characteristic of the topic presentation lies in some specific peculiarities of the essay outline. Before you make a decision as to what topic to go over or what your view is, you have to first understand what's an argumentative essay. A manageable topic is one which can be successfully performed within the page demands of the essay. 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Choosing topics is a distinct skill which you should learn and practice at school, so quit procrastinating and stick to the simple tips below as a way to produce fresh ideas and make a great topic to work on.

Essay College - 5 Topics to Talk About

Essay College - 5 Topics to Talk AboutTopics to Talk About Essay College is an online course that offers easy to follow tutorials, a learning system that's free and flexible enough for many topics to talk about in school. It's a course by Richard Schecter, that has proved to be popular because of its ability to address the issues in class. When you study online you are more focused than when you study at a campus. You can learn more at your own pace.The first step to take is to evaluate your current learning. Whether it's online classes or traditional classes, all of them share the same things in common. This is where the concept of learning through interaction comes into play. As a student, you have to make the effort to interact with others and to learn new things. Some students find it difficult to interact with other students, while others find it easy.One of the most popular subjects to talk about in the essay college is fiction. Fiction requires research. You have to learn abou t the characters and the stories that tell you about who they are. You have to learn about how the plot works and how the characters react in different situations. It's a lot of research that a nonfiction writer won't do.One of the best topics to talk about in the essay college is real life. It's not only about fiction but real life as well. You have to know more about real life. You have to make observations and to think about other issues too.The two other topics to talk about in the essay colleges that have enjoyed a lot of success are political topics and religious topics. Many students love to talk about politics in essays. They are interested in debating.If you want to find out how to write a fiction essay you need to study up. You need to know what is fiction and what is not. It is also important to know about what a synopsis is. It is a form of explanation used by writers. It makes up the first part of a chapter and gives you a reason for your reader to read more.Finally, on e of the best things about topics to talk about essay college is that you don't have to worry about mastering the skill set. With lots of tutorials and free resources it is simple to master the skill.

Research Paper Topics Involving Libraries

Research Paper Topics Involving LibrariesOne of the greatest advantages of pursuing a doctorate in history is that research paper topics involving libraries will be available to you. Having a history degree will ensure that you get the best chance for making the most of your career and getting the highest level of recognition from your colleagues. Having a broad knowledge of library topics is important, as is knowing how to present information in an effective way. This guide will cover some of the areas in which you can learn more about research papers involving libraries.There are many other research paper topics involving libraries to choose from. There are different levels of libraries that can be researched on. Some of the most common areas to research include the public library system, local and regional libraries, archives, museums, and historic sites. Researching these topics should include finding the appropriate research technique for the type of library that you are researc hing. For example, if you are researching a college library, you should look into using journals published by the American Library Association.Research paper topics involving libraries involve thinking about the history of libraries. The history of libraries has been a significant part of our culture for centuries. Understanding the history of libraries is one of the main benefits of pursuing a doctorate in history.There are a number of major points to consider when researching a history degree. First of all, you will want to familiarize yourself with libraries that exist in the world today. Libraries were historically major players in society and they continue to do so in the modern world. They will have to be located in key locations in the nation or in many different locations, depending on their mission. They will need to be staffed by people who know what they are doing, but at the same time, you must know which areas they need help in, if you want to research their issues.Next , you will want to focus on historical document research. Researching documents will require you to take some time out of your research to look at historical documents from various periods. Not only will you need to look at documents, but you will also need to examine images as well. Getting the proper information for your research paper topic will require you to use some creativity.Research paper topics involving libraries will also require you to find out about libraries in your area and in other areas as well. Whether you are researching a library in a city or town or in a region, you will want to gather as much information as possible. Without this information, you will not have a successful research project.Research paper topics involving libraries will offer you a great deal of opportunities to get to know your subject. You will have a wide variety of subjects to investigate in order to get the information that you need for your project.

Using Praxis Essay Samples To Write Your Masters Dissertation

Using Praxis Essay Samples To Write Your Master's DissertationThe use of Praxis essay samples has become increasingly common in many institutions that have developed an appreciation for essay writing. This particular method of research writing is highly efficient and well suited to the needs of any academic institution. There are several advantages to using a professional writing service over other more expensive methods of preparing an essay.When preparing an essay, it is important to consider several elements. One of these is to identify your topic or main focus. This will affect all your essays, as to what you write on is ultimately the subject of your research. The next most important factor is to know which of the countless essays for the same topic you could possibly choose. In order to get a rough idea of the topic, you can begin by reading some popular essays and choosing which ones you like the best.After this you need to consider your main topic. This is a large part of the essay. It should be the most important thing you want to cover. You can use this to determine how much information you can include in your topic and also how you will approach it.Next comes the writing of your main idea. Here again you will use various Praxis essay samples to guide you. If you are unsure of what the main idea of your essay should be then you may try a few. Or if you know how you want to proceed, you may use these examples as a rough guideline.Following your main idea, the rest of your essay will likely follow. Some examples of the material that you may add are anything from footnotes, to a conclusion, to acknowledgments. At this point you will want to keep your thoughts to a minimum as you will not need to keep typing everything up. The essay can take on a shorter length if you feel you have completed the first part. Finally the final part is usually the writing of your paper. You are given several Praxis essay samples to guide you here. Make sure you consult these examples before you actually start writing. You can read the examples over a period of time and develop a good idea of what you are doing.If you do your homework, you can complete such additional courses and then proceed to write your master's thesis. The practice will help you to better understand your essay and to avoid making mistakes along the way. Your essay should be an accurate reflection of you as a person and an honest account of your work, and when you choose to use Praxis essay samples you will stand out among the crowd.

The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Sov Essays

The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. There for it is considered a coldwar US military struggle fought primarily in South Vietnam from 1959 to 1975 The Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to 30 April 1975. fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF) The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. It began as an attempt by Communist (Vietcong) in the South, backed by Communist North Vietnam, to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. The struggle widened into a war between South Vietnam and North Vietnam and ultimately into a limited international conflict. North(communist) south(anti communist)

A Tribe Apart Review essays

A Tribe Apart Review essays After reading the book A Tribe Apart, I was able to notice many similarities between what the adolescents in the book were going through and what we have read in Santrock and heard in lecture. In Chapter 2 and 8 we meet Jessica Jones, a thirteen-year-old girl who has recently gone through some dramatic changes at home, as well as growing up in general. Jessica is a typical teenage girl, very active in activities, has friends, has goals for her self and so on. At the beginning of the chapter she says her mother has finally stopped lecturing her on how she ought to use her desk for homework. This is evident in the theory of Parent-Adolescent Conflict. According to Santrock, much of the conflict involves the everyday events of family life, such as keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home at a certain time, not talking on the phone forever, and so on. (Santrock, 159) This would explain the constant arguments about her messy room, grades, and so on. Since her older sister has recently had a baby there have been some major changes in the household. Jessica feels that her sister and her dont really talk anymore, because her sister is too busy. According t o Santrock, both younger and older adolescent siblings viewed older siblings as sources of social support for social and scholastic activities. (Santrock, 167) This is definitely impacting Jessica, because she feels that she cant go talk to her about whatever problems she might have and so on so that saddens her. Jessica is in eighth grade now, which makes her the top dog of the school. She describes it as the seventh graders are still walking around in a daze, and the eighth graders walk around, full of them selves. This is commonly referred to as the top-dog phenomenon, in which the circumstances of moving from the top position to the lowest position. (Santrock, 228) This was true of Jes...